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The Kasivisvesvara temple () (also spelt Kashivishveshvara) and sometimes called ''Kashivishvanatha'' () temple is located in Lakkundi, in the (Gadag district) of Karnataka state, India. It is 11 km from Gadag city, 24 km from Dambal and about 50 km from Kuknur. The centre of cultural and temple-building activity of the Western Chalukya Empire lay in the Tungabhadra river region, where large medieval workshops built numerous monuments.〔Hardy (1995), p 156〕 These monuments, regional variants of pre-existing dravida (South Indian) temples, defined the ''Karnata dravida'' tradition.〔Hardy (1995), pp 6–7〕 Lakkundi in particular was the location of the mature phase of the Western Chalukya architecture,〔Hardy (1995), p 158〕 and the Kasivisvesvara temple marks a high point of these achievements. According to Henry Cousens, it is one of the most ornate temples in the Kannada spoken region of India.〔Cousens (1926), p. 79〕 The existence of a 1087 CE inscription on a beam in the temple mantapa (hall) and the plainness of that part of the temple suggests that the original construction may have been simpler and that the profusion of decoration may have been added to the other parts of the temple at a later period, with the end of Chola invasions of Chalukyan territory.〔 Most of the inscriptions in Lakkundi date from 1170 CE onwards. It is known that Hoysala king Veera Ballala II annexed Lakkundi (also known as Lokkigundi) from the Seunas of Devagiri and made it his capital around 1193 CE. It is possible that the temple may have received embellishment during his rule.〔Cousens (1926), p. 80〕 ==Temple plan== This is a double shrined temple (''dvikuta''). The shrine facing east is dedicated to Kasivisvesvara (Hindu god Shiva) whose universal symbol, a ''linga'', stands three feet tall in the sanctum. The other shrine, which faces the main shrine is dedicated to the sun god Surya and is called ''Suryanarayana''. The Surya shrine faces west, an unusual occurrence among Surya temples, which normally face east.〔Cousens (1926), p. 81–82〕 The Kasivisvesvara temple epitomises the shift in Chalukyan artistic achievements, towards sharper and crisper stone work not seen in earlier constructions, taking full advantage of the effect of light and shade. Special attention was paid to mouldings, arches and other details on the tower, and decorations on doorjambs and lintels.〔Cousens (1926), p. 80〕 The architects in the Karnataka region seem to have been inspired by architectural developments in northern India. This is evidenced by the fact that they incorporated decorative miniature towers (multi-aedicular towers depicting superstructures) of the ''Sekhari'' and ''Bhumija'' types, supported on pilasters, almost simultaneously with these developments in the temples in northern India. The miniature towers represented shrines, which in turn represented deities. Sculptural depictions of deities were generally discreet although not uncommon. Other northern ideas they incorporated were the pillar bodies that appeared as wall projections.〔Foekema (2003), pp. 51–52〕 Well-known constructions incorporating these features are found at the Kasivisvesvara Temple and the nearby Nannesvara Temple.〔Foekema (2003), p51, p53〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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